Lunar Creature Creation: Environment [Part 1]
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| Fig. 1 | Lunar Orbiter 3 Image 3121 (left); Apollo 15 exploration of the Moon, August 1971 (right) |
Drawing the moon terrain may be seen problematic at first.
The assumption is that 1- the moon is a grey barren land, devoid of life, and 2- Given our inability to simply pop up there and take photos, we have limited resources to understanding the terrain. However, the truth is the moon possesses an incredibly complex and visually interesting terrain.
NASA has successfully captured a considerably high-res topological map of the moon (albeit from above during satellite fly overs). Given the few images taken actually ‘on’ the moon, I turned the work of individuals like Neal Spence (see his work here) who've cleverly converted these flat interpretations within a 3D context.
There are, of course, the illustrative interpretations of extra-terrestrial landscape across history (pre-Apollo landing) to consider. A few I took reference from: 15th century 'lunaries' including 'The Dayes of the Mone' (Harley MS 2320, f. 31r) and 'A diagram with the Moon's phases' (MS 17987, ff. 49v-50r); 'Sidereus Nuncius' (Starry Messenger) by Galileo Galilei (1610); the work of scientific illustrator Wilhelm Kranz (1853-1940); and finally the illustrations of 'The Earth, seen from the moon, in: The Wonders of the World of Stars- An excursion into heaven' by Otto Ule (1877).
However the most useful way to understanding the moon landscape (the ‘feel’ and make of the place on eye level), has been looking at the places on Earth it's similar to/used by NASA for lunar based training.
El Valle de la Luna, Atacama Desert, Chile
The assumption is that 1- the moon is a grey barren land, devoid of life, and 2- Given our inability to simply pop up there and take photos, we have limited resources to understanding the terrain. However, the truth is the moon possesses an incredibly complex and visually interesting terrain.
NASA has successfully captured a considerably high-res topological map of the moon (albeit from above during satellite fly overs). Given the few images taken actually ‘on’ the moon, I turned the work of individuals like Neal Spence (see his work here) who've cleverly converted these flat interpretations within a 3D context.
There are, of course, the illustrative interpretations of extra-terrestrial landscape across history (pre-Apollo landing) to consider. A few I took reference from: 15th century 'lunaries' including 'The Dayes of the Mone' (Harley MS 2320, f. 31r) and 'A diagram with the Moon's phases' (MS 17987, ff. 49v-50r); 'Sidereus Nuncius' (Starry Messenger) by Galileo Galilei (1610); the work of scientific illustrator Wilhelm Kranz (1853-1940); and finally the illustrations of 'The Earth, seen from the moon, in: The Wonders of the World of Stars- An excursion into heaven' by Otto Ule (1877).
However the most useful way to understanding the moon landscape (the ‘feel’ and make of the place on eye level), has been looking at the places on Earth it's similar to/used by NASA for lunar based training.
The following are such places:
El Valle de la Luna, Atacama Desert, Chile
Officially declared a ‘Natural Sanctuary’ in 1982, The Valley of the Moon has unsurprisingly been likened to that of the Moon because of it’s geological formations and general lunar-esque appearance. The region is comprised of a mixture of gypsum, clay and salt. Years of wind and water erosion have carved a landscape rich with salt flats, sand dunes, craters and rock formations.
The Bardenas Reales, Navarre, Spain
The Bardenas Reales is split into three noticeably different landscapes. The first, ‘El Plano’ (‘The Plain’), is a flat stretch of area flanked by slopes rich with rosemary, armoise and kermes oak, used mainly for cultivating cereal. The second, Bardena Blanca, is a semi-desert landscape, with wide flat areas, ‘rambling ravines’ and the occasional isolated hillock. Its name is owed to the whitish appearance of the soil; the earth there is abundant in mineral salts and gypsum. Thirdly and lastly, the Bardena Negra, which is rich with Aleppo pine forest. This one easily has the most vegetation cover.
Spotted Lake, Osoyoos, Canada
Often described by its visitors as ‘unusual’, ‘weird’ and ‘alien-looking’, ‘The Spotted Lake’ is a saline endorheic alkali lake located north west of Osoyoos (Eastern Similkameen Valley, British Columbia; Canada). Its spotted appearance and colour come in part from its mineral heavy composition. Come summer, the water evaporates, leaving behind these large rings of crystallised magnesium sulphate, calcium and sodium sulphates that harden to create natural ‘walkways’ across the lake.
The Pinnacles; Namburg; Australia
The globally recognised natural attraction of Western Australia, The Pinnacles of Namburg National Park, are collection of limestone structures (as high as 3.5 metres). They were formed approximately 25,000-30,000 years ago, as the sea receded and left deposits of seashells. The sand was gradually lost to the coastal winds over time, leaving these pillars behind to be exposed to the elements.
The Rummu Prison and Quarry; Rummu; Estonia
Fly Geyser, Nevada, US
This man-made field was constructed to replicate the Apollo 11 landing site. The site was chosen principally for its porous volcanic gravel; craters were added manually using explosives. The landing site imitation allowed for vehicle mobility testing (for ‘Explorer’ and ‘Grover’) and Primary Crew Training (i.e. sample-taking; testing equipment and protocol). The site offers a unique opportunity, not just to see close up terrain with similar composition to the moon, but also that terrain in conjunction with ‘life’.
Nevada National Security Site, Nevada
Known formerly as the Nevada Proving Grounds, the Nevada Test Site (‘NTS’ or ‘NNSS’) has been the site for stockpiling and high-hazard testing (i.e. nuclear devices), since 1951. Astronauts from the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) carried out geological and geophysical studies at Sedan Crater and Buckboard Mesa. The ‘NNSS’ was particularly useful for understanding meteor strikes; like nuclear devices, the collision creates an explosion which is what actually creates the crater.
What typically happens on impact is the meteor strike creates an incredibly dense, high-pressure region which melts rock (forming shocked minerals like coesite, etc.), and sending a shockwave outward from the point of contact. As the area decompresses, it creates an explosion that ejects the earth over the rim (inverted stratigraphy). Details like this, helped the pilots of the Apollo missions know what and where to look for when collecting samples.
Sure enough, the astronauts did recognise similar rock samples to earth:
Sierra Blanca, Texas
The lesser known town of Sierra Blanca of Texas in Hudspeth County, (after the mountain range of Andalusia; Spain), is located just northeast of the Mexican border. As with many of the previous examples, Sierra Blanca was ideal for geology training for the pilots of the Apollo missions. The site, particularly near the Quitman Mountains is rich with volcanic rock, being part of Texas’s mountainous and arid Trans-Pecos region.
Mauna Loa; Hawaii
The largest active volcano on Earth presently, dominating the island of Hawaii with a surface area of 5,100km2, covering just over half of it. Mauna Loa played a pivotal part prior to the Apollo landings. Its unique geography allowed an opportunity for the Apollo crew (1965-1972) to research gas, lava vents, lava lakes, pit craters etc. Nine locations across the island were chosen for training exercises (the slopes of Hualalai, Mauna Loa, Maunakea and multiple craters at the summit of Kilauea etc.).
Recently still it was the site used for HI-SEAS program; the ‘analog habitat’ housing a small colony testing the potential for human travel and life on Mars (2013-2018). With the program temporarily on hold, Henk Rogers saw an opportunity for the habitat to be a ‘Moon’ simulation, rather than a ‘Mars’ one. The two-week mission was completed in March 2019 with the intention of future missions with similar length and intentions.
Grand Canyon; Arizona
The famed Grand Canyon is considered one of Earth’s natural wonders. It bisects the Grand Canyon National Park, averaging at 4,000-foot-deep and 277-mile-long, carved over millennia by the Colorado River. The red rock formations themselves are comprised of sandstone, shale (mudstone) and limestone. Over time sedimentary rock formed layer upon layer, transitioning to metamorphic rock under great heat, pressure and natural erosion.
During the Apollo astronaut training, the field training in the Grand Canyon was essential for testing tools; newly modified spacesuits, and basic geological principles (identification; collection; geological map reading etc). The crew spend 2 days (March 1964) hiking the South Kaibab Trail to the bottom of the canyon, before ascending the Bright Angel Trail.
South-east to the Grand Canyon is Sunset Crater and Lowell Observatory; a little further still is Meteor Crater. All generally around the area of Flagstaff, and likewise visited during the astronauts’ excursion to the Grand Canyon.
Next post will by the drawn response to this research!
Fig. 1 [Part 1] NASA (1967), 'Lunar Orbiter 3 Image 3121_H1 – Tsiolkovskiy Crater', [Online Image]. Available at: http://www.moonviews.com/2013/01/lunar_orbiter_3_image_3121_h1_-_tsiolkovskiy_crater.html [Accessed 12/08/2020]
Fig. 1 [Part 2] NASA (1971), 'Apollo 15 exploration of the Moon, August 1971', [Online Image]. Available at: https://www.sciencephoto.com/media/1056987/view [Accessed Date: 12/08/2020]
PDFS
Kring, David A. (2008), 'Cinder Lakes Crater Field, Arizona: Lunar Analogue Test Site', [Online PDF]. Available at: https://www.lpi.usra.edu/science/kring/lunar_exploration/CinderLakesCraterField.pdf [Accessed Date: 11/08/2020]
Videos
'Veritasium' (2019) 'Why Apollo Astronauts Trained at a Nuclear Test Site', [Online Video]. Available at: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=E7uGvsT_nnM [Accessed Date: 11/08/2020]
Websites
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| Fig. 1 | Valle de la Muerte, San Pedro de Atacama, Chile [1] |
The Bardenas Reales, Navarre, Spain
The Bardenas Reales is split into three noticeably different landscapes. The first, ‘El Plano’ (‘The Plain’), is a flat stretch of area flanked by slopes rich with rosemary, armoise and kermes oak, used mainly for cultivating cereal. The second, Bardena Blanca, is a semi-desert landscape, with wide flat areas, ‘rambling ravines’ and the occasional isolated hillock. Its name is owed to the whitish appearance of the soil; the earth there is abundant in mineral salts and gypsum. Thirdly and lastly, the Bardena Negra, which is rich with Aleppo pine forest. This one easily has the most vegetation cover.
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| Fig. 3 | Castildetierra & El Plano; La Bardena Blanca; La Bardena Negra |
Spotted Lake, Osoyoos, Canada
Often described by its visitors as ‘unusual’, ‘weird’ and ‘alien-looking’, ‘The Spotted Lake’ is a saline endorheic alkali lake located north west of Osoyoos (Eastern Similkameen Valley, British Columbia; Canada). Its spotted appearance and colour come in part from its mineral heavy composition. Come summer, the water evaporates, leaving behind these large rings of crystallised magnesium sulphate, calcium and sodium sulphates that harden to create natural ‘walkways’ across the lake.
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| Fig. 4 | Spotted Lake |
The globally recognised natural attraction of Western Australia, The Pinnacles of Namburg National Park, are collection of limestone structures (as high as 3.5 metres). They were formed approximately 25,000-30,000 years ago, as the sea receded and left deposits of seashells. The sand was gradually lost to the coastal winds over time, leaving these pillars behind to be exposed to the elements.
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| Fig. 6 | Pinnacles Desert, Nambung National Park, Western Australia [1] |
Once a soviet prison camp situated outside the small Estonian town of Rummu, the Quarry it’s situated beside is now considered an underwater museum and hot spot for diving enthusiasts. It was first excavated back in the late 1930’s by prisoners for limestone and Vasalemma marble. However, during Estonia’s move to independence in 1991, the institutions previously run by the soviets fell into disuse. When the pumps shut down the quarry quickly filled with clear groundwater.
Goblin Valley State Park, Utah, US
The Goblin Valley State Park of Utah owes its names to the thousands of mushroom-shaped rock formations known locally as ‘goblins’ (or ‘hoodoos’). The unique shape of the rock results from a layer of harder rock atop of softer sandstone. The rock more erosion-resistant keeps, while the layers of weaker stone below wears away with wind/rain.
The site itself is a brilliant orange/reddish-brown landscape, constituting five buttes, the valley itself and a wall of eroded cliff flanking all sides.
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| Fig. 8 | Rummu Prison post-flooding |
The Goblin Valley State Park of Utah owes its names to the thousands of mushroom-shaped rock formations known locally as ‘goblins’ (or ‘hoodoos’). The unique shape of the rock results from a layer of harder rock atop of softer sandstone. The rock more erosion-resistant keeps, while the layers of weaker stone below wears away with wind/rain.
The site itself is a brilliant orange/reddish-brown landscape, constituting five buttes, the valley itself and a wall of eroded cliff flanking all sides.
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| Fig. 10 | Goblin Valley State Park, Utah |
Born from a combination of natural geothermal pressure and man-made error, the Fly Geyser are three multi-coloured mounds situated on the edge of Black Rock Desert, Nevada. A well, built for irrigation water in 1916, and later incorrectly by a geothermal power company in 1964, created the geyser and the subsequent growth of calcium carbonate deposits flanking the hole. The geysers sprout scalding water which creates the ideal environment for thermophilic algae (what gives its distinct colour). The interior channels are also lined with mineral deposits (Quartz), and the water rich with silica.
Sarakiniko, Milos, Greece
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| Fig. 12 | Fly Geyser Aerial Shot Mavic 2 Pro |
Sarakiniko, Milos, Greece
Known also as the ‘Moon beach’, it’s unsurprising this landscape of pale volcanic rock, sandstone, pumice stone and ash is compared as such. The stretch of white rock splits to reveal a narrow inlet of sand. For the most part though it’s not your typical ‘beach’. The terrain offers a unique variety in shape, and beyond that its colour juxtaposes starkly against the deep blue of the Aegean Sea.
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| Fig. 14 | Sarakiniko Beach on Milos Island in Greece |
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| Fig. 15 | Sarakiniko Beach on Milos Island in Greece |
The following are places actually used by NASA officially for pre-Apollo training:
This man-made field was constructed to replicate the Apollo 11 landing site. The site was chosen principally for its porous volcanic gravel; craters were added manually using explosives. The landing site imitation allowed for vehicle mobility testing (for ‘Explorer’ and ‘Grover’) and Primary Crew Training (i.e. sample-taking; testing equipment and protocol). The site offers a unique opportunity, not just to see close up terrain with similar composition to the moon, but also that terrain in conjunction with ‘life’.
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| Fig. 16 | A comparison between the lunar landscape of Cinder Lake Crater Field 1 (top) and a portion of the landing site for Apollo 11 (bottom) |
Known formerly as the Nevada Proving Grounds, the Nevada Test Site (‘NTS’ or ‘NNSS’) has been the site for stockpiling and high-hazard testing (i.e. nuclear devices), since 1951. Astronauts from the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) carried out geological and geophysical studies at Sedan Crater and Buckboard Mesa. The ‘NNSS’ was particularly useful for understanding meteor strikes; like nuclear devices, the collision creates an explosion which is what actually creates the crater.
What typically happens on impact is the meteor strike creates an incredibly dense, high-pressure region which melts rock (forming shocked minerals like coesite, etc.), and sending a shockwave outward from the point of contact. As the area decompresses, it creates an explosion that ejects the earth over the rim (inverted stratigraphy). Details like this, helped the pilots of the Apollo missions know what and where to look for when collecting samples.
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| Fig. 18 | Coesite |
“A lot of the rock samples here- the hard rock samples- have what appear to be vesicles in the surface”- Armstrong.
“Look at the glint… (I can) almost see twinning in there! - “Crystalline rock, huh?” – Irwin and Scott.
On return, samples were also identified to have Anorthosite (which supported the theory the Moon was once covered in a magma ocean).
It also sits east of Death Valley National Park; another recurring site for Apollo training in the future. A little further still, Timber Mountain Caldera (that largest in the US), which they likewise visited to observe the ancient volcanic formations.
Death Valley National Park
Death Valley really became a point of interest for NASA astronaut training a few decades after the Apollo missions. The STS-59 Space Radar Lab 1, Endeavour mission (1994), saw 27 months of training prior.
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| Fig. 19 | Crater near Mercury; Nevada, created Project Sedan Nuclear Test Explosion |
Death Valley National Park
Death Valley really became a point of interest for NASA astronaut training a few decades after the Apollo missions. The STS-59 Space Radar Lab 1, Endeavour mission (1994), saw 27 months of training prior.
Death Valley National Monument was visited to learn about alluvial fans, dune fields, flash-flooded-carved canyons, volcanic creators, salt flats, sand sheets, and wind/sand interactions (2).
In 2019 it became the site for prepping landing on Mars; the steep terrain offers the ideal testing site for the ‘Limbed Excursion Mechanical Utility Robot’ (LEMUR) developed by NASA’s Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL) to repair parts of the International Space Station (2019). More recently still, 2020 saw the field tests of Lander Vision System (LVS), engineered to help guide a safe touchdown on Mars and then the subsequent Terrain-Relative Navigations (TRN) of the Mars Rovers.
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| Fig. 20 | Tom Jones (L), Tom Farr from JPL, Linda Godwin, and Ellen Stofan of JPL visit salt flats at Badwater, Death Valley, April 1992 |
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| Fig. 21 | NASA's 'LEMUR' |
Sierra Blanca, Texas
The lesser known town of Sierra Blanca of Texas in Hudspeth County, (after the mountain range of Andalusia; Spain), is located just northeast of the Mexican border. As with many of the previous examples, Sierra Blanca was ideal for geology training for the pilots of the Apollo missions. The site, particularly near the Quitman Mountains is rich with volcanic rock, being part of Texas’s mountainous and arid Trans-Pecos region.
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| Fig. 22 | Neil Armstrong and Buzz Aldrin document a sample during a field trip at Sierra Blanca in west Texas on February 24, 1969 |
Mauna Loa; Hawaii
The largest active volcano on Earth presently, dominating the island of Hawaii with a surface area of 5,100km2, covering just over half of it. Mauna Loa played a pivotal part prior to the Apollo landings. Its unique geography allowed an opportunity for the Apollo crew (1965-1972) to research gas, lava vents, lava lakes, pit craters etc. Nine locations across the island were chosen for training exercises (the slopes of Hualalai, Mauna Loa, Maunakea and multiple craters at the summit of Kilauea etc.).
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| Fig. 23 | Apollo 15 Commander Dave Scott and lunar module pilot Jim Irwin train on Hawaii's Big Island in December, 1970 |
Recently still it was the site used for HI-SEAS program; the ‘analog habitat’ housing a small colony testing the potential for human travel and life on Mars (2013-2018). With the program temporarily on hold, Henk Rogers saw an opportunity for the habitat to be a ‘Moon’ simulation, rather than a ‘Mars’ one. The two-week mission was completed in March 2019 with the intention of future missions with similar length and intentions.
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| Fig. 24 | HI-SEAS |
Grand Canyon; Arizona
The famed Grand Canyon is considered one of Earth’s natural wonders. It bisects the Grand Canyon National Park, averaging at 4,000-foot-deep and 277-mile-long, carved over millennia by the Colorado River. The red rock formations themselves are comprised of sandstone, shale (mudstone) and limestone. Over time sedimentary rock formed layer upon layer, transitioning to metamorphic rock under great heat, pressure and natural erosion.
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| Fig. 25 | Dr. E. Dale Jackson, U.S. Survey Geologist, with astronauts Neil Armstrong, Richard Gordon and Don F. Eisele during Geological Training in Grand Canyon, Arizona, in 1964 |
During the Apollo astronaut training, the field training in the Grand Canyon was essential for testing tools; newly modified spacesuits, and basic geological principles (identification; collection; geological map reading etc). The crew spend 2 days (March 1964) hiking the South Kaibab Trail to the bottom of the canyon, before ascending the Bright Angel Trail.
South-east to the Grand Canyon is Sunset Crater and Lowell Observatory; a little further still is Meteor Crater. All generally around the area of Flagstaff, and likewise visited during the astronauts’ excursion to the Grand Canyon.
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| Fig. 26 | Dr. Eugene Shoemaker (pointing with hammer) lectures to a group of astronauts at Meteor Crater, Arizona. |
References
Images
Fig. 1 [Part 2] NASA (1971), 'Apollo 15 exploration of the Moon, August 1971', [Online Image]. Available at: https://www.sciencephoto.com/media/1056987/view [Accessed Date: 12/08/2020]
Fig. 2 Segeren, Kristen (2018), 'Valle de la Muerte, San Pedro de Atacama, Chile', [Online Image]. Available at: https://www.thetinytravelogue.com/valle-de-la-luna-chile/ [Accessed Date: 10/08/2020]
Fig. 3 Segeren, Kristen (2018), 'Valle de la Muerte, San Pedro de Atacama, Chile', [Online Image]. Available at: https://www.thetinytravelogue.com/valle-de-la-luna-chile/ [Accessed Date: 10/08/2020]
Fig. 4 'The Compañía de Guías de las Bardenas' (2013), 'Castildetierra & El Plano; La Bardena Blanca; La Bardena Negra, [Online Image]. Available at: http://turismobardenas.com/en/author/turismobardenas/ [Accessed Date: 10/08/2020]
Fig. 5 McGuire, Richard (2017) 'Spotted Lake', [Online Image]. Available at: http://richardmcguire.ca/2017/09/trip-to-mount-kobau-and-spotted-lake/ [Accessed Date: 10/08/2020]
Fig. 6 'The Spotted Lake (Kliluk) Osoyoos, Canada' (n/d), [Online Image]. Available at: https://www.cntraveler.com/galleries/2015-12-16/15-places-that-look-like-they-belong-on-another-planet?verso=true [Accessed Date: 10/08/2020]
Fig. 4 'The Compañía de Guías de las Bardenas' (2013), 'Castildetierra & El Plano; La Bardena Blanca; La Bardena Negra, [Online Image]. Available at: http://turismobardenas.com/en/author/turismobardenas/ [Accessed Date: 10/08/2020]
Fig. 5 McGuire, Richard (2017) 'Spotted Lake', [Online Image]. Available at: http://richardmcguire.ca/2017/09/trip-to-mount-kobau-and-spotted-lake/ [Accessed Date: 10/08/2020]
Fig. 6 'The Spotted Lake (Kliluk) Osoyoos, Canada' (n/d), [Online Image]. Available at: https://www.cntraveler.com/galleries/2015-12-16/15-places-that-look-like-they-belong-on-another-planet?verso=true [Accessed Date: 10/08/2020]
Fig. 7 Sanderson, Ian (2009), 'Pinnacles Desert, Nambung National Park, Western Australia', [Online Image]. Available at: https://www.flickr.com/photos/iansand/3971380914 [Accessed Date: 10/08/2020]
Fig. 8 Sanderson, Ian (2009), 'Pinnacles Desert, Nambung National Park, Western Australia', [Online Image]. Available at: https://www.flickr.com/photos/iansand/3970614127/in/photostream/ [Accessed Date: 10/08/2020]
Fig. 9 Vorma, Kai (2014), 'Diving in Rummu Quarry', [Online Image]. Available at: http://vode.iki.fi/photos/Rummu2014/content/P9205988_large.html [Accessed Date: 12/08/2020]
Fig. 8 Sanderson, Ian (2009), 'Pinnacles Desert, Nambung National Park, Western Australia', [Online Image]. Available at: https://www.flickr.com/photos/iansand/3970614127/in/photostream/ [Accessed Date: 10/08/2020]
Fig. 9 Vorma, Kai (2014), 'Diving in Rummu Quarry', [Online Image]. Available at: http://vode.iki.fi/photos/Rummu2014/content/P9205988_large.html [Accessed Date: 12/08/2020]
Fig. 10 [Anon; n.d.]
Fig. 11 Lund, Ken (2018) 'Goblin Valley State Park, Utah', [Online Image]. Available at: https://www.flickr.com/photos/kenlund/26027568947/in/photostream/ [Accessed Date: 10/08/2020]
Fig. 12 Lund, Ken (2018) 'Goblin Valley State Park, Utah', [Online Image]. Available at: https://www.flickr.com/photos/kenlund/27029428028/in/photostream/ [Accessed Date: 10/08/2020]
Fig. 11 Lund, Ken (2018) 'Goblin Valley State Park, Utah', [Online Image]. Available at: https://www.flickr.com/photos/kenlund/26027568947/in/photostream/ [Accessed Date: 10/08/2020]
Fig. 12 Lund, Ken (2018) 'Goblin Valley State Park, Utah', [Online Image]. Available at: https://www.flickr.com/photos/kenlund/27029428028/in/photostream/ [Accessed Date: 10/08/2020]
Fig. 13 'Gateway' (2019), 'Fly Geyser Aerial Shot Mavic 2 Pro', [Online Image]. Available at: https://forum.dji.com/forum.php?mod=viewthread&tid=192407 [Accessed Date: 10/08/2020]
Fig. 14 'photosbyflick' (2009), 'Fly Geyser', [Online Image]. Available at: https://www.flickr.com/photos/17773534@N03/3415878899/in/photolist-6cRgMM-6djxzk-8pPScG-jGYnYE-4Zu216-4piRXP-47abpn-6daTbG-7m2xia-6fFBsH-93Fz5X-6YbQmH-6cSVCD [Accessed Date: 11/08/2020]
Fig. 15 Maragos, Alexandros (2019) 'Sarakiniko Beach on Milos Island, Greece', [Online Image]. Available at: https://alexandrosmaragos.com/blog/sarakiniko-milos-greece [Access
Fig. 16 Lusano, Renée (2019), 'Sarakiniko Beach on Milos Island in Greece', [Online Image]. Avaliable at: https://www.wrenee.com/blog/sarakiniko [Accessed Date: 11/08/2020]
Fig. 17 Geiling, Natasha (2014), 'A comparison between the lunar landscape of Cinder Lake Crater Field 1 (top) and a portion of the landing site for Apollo 11 (bottom)', [Online Image]. Available at: https://www.smithsonianmag.com/travel/cant-make-it-to-the-moon-head-to-arizona-instead-180952821/ [Accessed Date: 11/08/2020]
Fig. 18 'USGS EROS Center' (2019), 'Craters in 1968 [Before] and Crater in 1974 [After]', [Online Image]. Available at: https://eros.usgs.gov/sites/eros.usgs.gov/files/craters-1-and-2-before.jpg [Accessed Date: 11/08/2020]
Fig, 19 Smyth, J. R. (2012), 'Coesite', [Online Image]. Available at: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Coesiteimage.jpg [Accessed Date: 11/08/2020]
Fig. 20 'Crater near Mercury; Nevada, created Project Sedan Nuclear Test Explosion' (1962) [Online Image]. Available at: https://www.smithsonianmag.com/travel/going-moon-apollo-11-astronauts-trained-these-five-sites-180972452/ [Accessed Date: 11/08/2020]
Fig. 21 Jones, Tom (2018), 'Tom Jones (L), Tom Farr from JPL, Linda Godwin, and Ellen Stofan of JPL visit salt flats at Badwater, Death Valley, April 1992', [Online Image]. Available at: https://astronauttomjones.com/2018/06/08/training-for-space-radar-lab-1-endeavour-1994/ [Accessed Date: 11/08/2020]
Fig. 22 'NASA JPL' (2019), 'NASA's 'LEMUR'', [Online Image]. Available at: https://spectrum.ieee.org/automaton/robotics/robotics-hardware/video-friday-nasa-lemur-robot [Accessed Date: 11/08/2020]
Fig. 23 'NASA' (1969) 'Neil Armstrong and Buzz Aldrin document a sample during a field trip at Sierra Blanca in west Texas on February 24, 1969', [Online Image]. Available at: https://www.hq.nasa.gov/office/pao/History/alsj/a11/ap11-S69-25921HR.jpg [Accessed Date: 11/08/2020]
Fig. 24 'NASA' (1970), 'Apollo 15 Commander Dave Scott and lunar module pilot Jim Irwin train on Hawaii's Big Island in December, 1970', [Online Image]. Available at: https://www.businessinsider.com/old-photos-show-astronauts-training-in-hawaii-2014-6?r=US&IR=T [Accessed Date: 11/08/2020]
Fig. 25 Vermeulen, Angelo (2018), 'HI-SEAS', [Online Image]. Available at: https://bigislandnow.com/2018/11/24/mars-habitat-turning-into-moon-missions/?doing_wp_cron=1597105123.6486070156097412109375 [Accessed Date: 11/08/2020]
Fig. 26 'NASA' (1964) 'Dr. E. Dale Jackson, U.S. Survey Geologist, with astronauts Neil Armstrong, Richard Gordon and Don F. Eisele during Geological Training in Grand Canyon, Arizona, in 1964', [Online Image]. Available at: https://www.smithsonianmag.com/travel/going-moon-apollo-11-astronauts-trained-these-five-sites-180972452/ [Accessed Date: 11/08/2020]
Fig. 27 'NASA' (1963), 'Dr. Eugene Shoemaker (pointing with hammer) lectures to a group of astronauts at Meteor Crater, Arizona', [Online Image]. Available at: https://library.nau.edu/speccoll/exhibits/daysofarchives/lunar.html [Accessed Date: 11/08/2020]
Additional Images
Fig. 14 'photosbyflick' (2009), 'Fly Geyser', [Online Image]. Available at: https://www.flickr.com/photos/17773534@N03/3415878899/in/photolist-6cRgMM-6djxzk-8pPScG-jGYnYE-4Zu216-4piRXP-47abpn-6daTbG-7m2xia-6fFBsH-93Fz5X-6YbQmH-6cSVCD [Accessed Date: 11/08/2020]
Fig. 15 Maragos, Alexandros (2019) 'Sarakiniko Beach on Milos Island, Greece', [Online Image]. Available at: https://alexandrosmaragos.com/blog/sarakiniko-milos-greece [Access
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Fig. 17 Geiling, Natasha (2014), 'A comparison between the lunar landscape of Cinder Lake Crater Field 1 (top) and a portion of the landing site for Apollo 11 (bottom)', [Online Image]. Available at: https://www.smithsonianmag.com/travel/cant-make-it-to-the-moon-head-to-arizona-instead-180952821/ [Accessed Date: 11/08/2020]
Fig. 18 'USGS EROS Center' (2019), 'Craters in 1968 [Before] and Crater in 1974 [After]', [Online Image]. Available at: https://eros.usgs.gov/sites/eros.usgs.gov/files/craters-1-and-2-before.jpg [Accessed Date: 11/08/2020]
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Fig. 26 'NASA' (1964) 'Dr. E. Dale Jackson, U.S. Survey Geologist, with astronauts Neil Armstrong, Richard Gordon and Don F. Eisele during Geological Training in Grand Canyon, Arizona, in 1964', [Online Image]. Available at: https://www.smithsonianmag.com/travel/going-moon-apollo-11-astronauts-trained-these-five-sites-180972452/ [Accessed Date: 11/08/2020]
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